Honors Chemistry

First Semester Final Exam

Study Guide

Can you:

· State the Law of Conservation of Matter, and the Law of Conservation of Energy?

· Define and identify kinetic energy, potential energy, physical and chemical properties, physical and chemical change?

· List the states or phases of matter, describe the behavior of molecules in each state, and list the changes of state?

· Define and identify endothermic and exothermic processes, element, compound, mixture, homogeneous, heterogeneous?

· State the general properties of metals and nonmetals?

· Give the base units for length, mass and volume in the SI system, give approximate equivalences in the English system for common SI quantities and convert from one SI unit to another?

· Define density, and do calculations involving density?

· Give the definitions for heat and temperature, relate these to the movement of molecules, and convert between Celsius and Kelvin temperatures?

· Define heat capacity, and do calculations using heat capacity?

· Convert numbers between decimal form and scientific, or exponential, notation?

· State the number of significant digits in numeric values, and round off calculated values to the correct number of decimal places or significant digits?

· Give the name, location, mass and charge of the particles in an atom, and give the relationship between the number of electrons and the electric charge?

· Explain how the nucleus is held together?

· Define atomic number, mass number, nucleon, isotope and atomic mass and do calculations using atomic number, mass number and number of neutrons?

· Use hyphen notation and isotopic notation to identify isotopes of atoms?

· Define atomic mass unit and explain what it is based on?

· Define mole, state its primary purpose and explain why it was necessary to create a mole as a unit?

· Give Avogadro’s Number, explain its significance and do calculations using this number?

· Define molar mass, and calculate the molar mass of elements and compounds?

· Convert between mass of a substance and the number of moles of that substance?

· Define electromagnet radiation, frequency, wavelength, amplitude, electromagnetic spectrum, quantum and photon?

· Explain what we mean when we say that nature is quantized?

· List the types of electromagnetic radiation and how they would be arranged in order of frequency, wavelength and energy per photon (electromagnetic spectrum)?

· Give the relationship between frequency, wavelength and energy per photon and do associated calculations?

· Explain how light is absorbed and emitted by an atom, such as hydrogen?

· Define ground state, excited state and energy level?

· Define orbital, list the types of orbitals associated with each energy level, and describe the shape and orientation of these orbitals for a particular atom?

· Explain what we mean by valence electrons, and give the number of valence electrons for a particular atom?

· Give the ground state electron configuration for a particular atom and draw the Lewis diagram for a particular atom?

· Explain how Mendeleev organized his periodic table, and how it is different from the modern periodic table?

· Define period and chemical group or family?

· Identify the location on the periodic table and list elements from each of the following; alkali metals, halogens, inert gases (noble gases), transition metals?

· Identify elements that fall within the s-block, p-block, d-block and f-block on the periodic table?

· Give the number of electrons in each energy level, the electron configuration and the number of valence electrons, for an atom using an its position on the periodic table?

· Explain why elements in the same group or family should have similar physical and chemical properties?

· Predict the electric charge on ions formed from elements in groups 1-3 and groups 15-17?

· Define ionization energy, electron affinity, atomic radius, second and third ionization energy?

· Given a list of elements, place them in order by their ionization energies, electron affinities or atomic radii, and explain why you have placed them in this order?

· State why any chemical bond would form?

· Relate the type of chemical bond to the position of the elements on the periodic table?

· Explain how an ionic bond forms between metal and non-metal atoms?

· Predict formulas for ionic compounds based on the position of each element?

· Explain why ionic compounds do not form molecules?

· Explain how a covalent bond forms between two non-metal atoms?

· Give the bonding capacity for a non-metal atom and explain how electron promotion plays a part in bonding capacity for some atoms?

· Write molecular formulas, structural formulas and Lewis diagrams for simple covalent molecules and polyatomic ions?

· Define electronegativity and polar covalent bonds, and sort elements by electronegativity?

· Explain what it means for a molecule to be polar?

· Define VSEPR and explain how it determines the molecular geometry of a covalently bonded molecule?

· Identify the molecular geometry of simple covalently bonded molecules?

· Define double covalent and triple covalent bonds and identify molecules that contain these bonds?

· Identify the chemical families where network covalent bonding can be found and explain why covalent networks do not form molecules?

· Explain how metallic covalent bonding explains properties of metals, such as conductivity and malleability, and explain why they do not form molecules?

· Define intermolecular bonding, state the results of this type of bond, list the types of intermolecular bonds and explain how each forms?

· Identify the factors that determine the strength of these bonds and relate the strength of intermolecular bonds to melting and boiling points?

· List the elements that allow hydrogen bonds to form?

· Identify ionic and covalent compounds and acids given the formula for the compound?

· State the name or give the formula for ionic and covalent compounds and acids given an ion chart and periodic table, in both old and stock systems?

· State the oxidation number for an atom in a compound or an ion given the compound or ion’s formula, an ion chart and a periodic table?

· Calculate the percent composition for a compound given its name or formula?

· Find the empirical formula for a compound given its percent composition?

· Find the molecular formula for a compound given its empirical formula and the molecular or formula weight?

· Identify the different symbols we use in chemical equations and explain their meaning?

· Use the symbols in a chemical equation to identify substances from observations of the reaction?

· Define catalyst?

· Balance simple chemical equations, including redox reactions using oxidation numbers?

· List the six types of chemical reactions we studied and identify the type of chemical reaction given a chemical equation?

· List the elements that are diatomic in their elemental form?

· Predict the products and write balanced chemical equations, including appropriate symbols, for each of the types of reactions we studied?

· Use the activity series of elements to predict whether a redox reaction will be spontaneous?

· Write a balanced chemical equation for a spontaneous redox reaction, given the activity series and the elements involved?

· Calculate the number of moles or mass of a substance in a chemical equation given the moles or mass of another substance in the equation? (mole problems)?